Publications

2023

The Effects of Cervical Orthoses on Head and Intervertebral Range of Motion
Oyekan, A., LeVasseur, C., Chen, S., Padmanabhan, A., Makowicz, N., Donaldson, W., Lee, J., Shaw, J., Anderst, W
Spine, In Press


Symmetry in Knee Arthrokinematics in Healthy Collegiate Athletes During Fast Running and Drop Jump Revealed Through Dynamic Biplane Radiography
Xu, C., Aloi, N., Gale, T., Nishida, K., Fu, F., Anderst, W
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, In Press


In Vivo Graft Elongation After Arthroscopic Superior Capsular Reconstruction
LeVasseur, C., Kane, G., Hughes, J, Lin, A., Anderst, W
American Journal of Sports Medicine, In Press


Recruit-aged Adults May Preferentially Weight Task Goals Over Deleterious Cost Functions During Short Duration Loaded and Imposed Gait Tasks
Krajewski, K., Johnson, C., Ahmed, N., Moir, G., Flanigan, S., Mi, Q., Anderst, W., Connaboy, C
Nature-Scientific Reports, 2023


How Many Trials Are Needed to Estimate Typical Lumbar Movement Patterns During Dynamic X-Ray Imaging?
Aiyangar, A., Gale, T., Megherhi, S., Anderst, W
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2023


Toward the Identification of Distinct Phenotypes: Research Protocol for the Low Back Pain Biological, Biomechanical, and Behavioral (LB3P) Cohort Study and the BACPAC Mechanistic Research Center at the Univesity of Pittsburgh
Vo N, Patterson C, McKernan G, Zhou L, Bell K, Anderst W, Greco C, Schneider M, Piva S, Delitto A, Dicianno B, Darwin J, Sowa G
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2023


How well does Intra-Operative Contact Path Predict Post-Operative Contact Path During Activities of Daily Living after Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty? 
Byrapogu V, Gale T, LaBaze D, Hamlin B, Urish W, Anderst W
Medical Enginerring and Physics, 2023


Changes in Intervertebral Sagittal Alignment of the Cervical Spine from Supine to Upright
Oyekan A, LeVasseur C, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2023


Preoperative Quantitative Pivot Shift Does not Correlate with In Vivo Kinematics Following ACL Reconstruction with or without Lateral Extraarticular Tenodesis
Gibbs C, Hughes J, Popchak A, Chiba D, Winkler P, Lesniak B, Anderst W, Musahl V
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc., 2023


Dynamic Changes in Lumbar Spine Kinematics During Gait May Explain Improvement in Back Pain and Disability in Patients with Hip-Spine Syndrome
Chen S, LeVasseur C, Como C, Couch B, Talentino S, Klatt B, O’Malley M, Donaldson W, Lee J, Shaw J Anderst W
Spine, 2023

2022

In Vivo Evidence of Early Instability and Late Stabilization in Motion Segments Immediately Superior to Anterior Cervical Arthrodesis
Chen S, LeVasseur C, Pitcairn S, Munsch M, Couch B, Kanter A, Okonkwo D, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W
Spine, 2022


In Vivo Changes in Dynamic Adjacent Segment Motion One Year After One and Two-Level Cervical Arthrodesis
LeVasseur C, Pitcairn S, Okonkwo S, Kanter A, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W
Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2022


Implant Characteristics Affect In Vivo Shoulder Kinematics During Multiplanar Functional Motions After Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty
Como C, LeVasseur C, Kane G, Rai A, Munsch M, Gabrielli A, Hughes J, Anderst W, Lin A
Journal of Biomechanics, 2022


Differences Between Men and Women in Coupled Subtalar and Tibiofemoral Joint Kinematics During Gait Revealed Through Dynamic Biplane Radiography
Munsch M, Labaze D, Pitcairn S, Piva S, Anderst W
Journal of Biomechanics, 2022


Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Restores Native Knee Kinematics During Activities of Daily Living: A Pilot Study
Byrapogu V, Gale T, Hamlin B, Urish K, Anderst W.
Ann Biomed Eng., 2022


Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine-Recommendations for Acquisition and Image Evaluation from the BACPAC Spine Imaging Working Group
Sollmann N, Fields A, O’Neill C, Nardo L, Majumdar S, Chin C, Tosun D, Han M, Vu A, Ozhinsky E, Shah L, Harris R, Lobo R, Anderst W, Herzog R, Psioda M, Standaert C, Price R, Lotz J, Link T, Krug R
Pain Medicine, 2022


Posterior Tibial Slope and Meniscal Slope Correlate with In Vivo Tibial Internal Rotation During Running and Drop Jump
Tanaka T, Gale T, Nishida K, Xu C, Fu F, Anderst W
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc., 2022


Hip Kinematics in Healthy Adulys During Gait and Squatting: Sex Differenes and Asymmetry Revelaed Through Dynamic Biplane Radiography
Johnson C, Rhu E, Frankston N, Charles S, McClincy M, Anderst W
Journal of Biomechanics, 2022


Validation of Dynamic Biplane Radiography and Three-Dimensional Model-Based Tracking for Evaluation of Dynamic Thumb Kinematics
Munsch M, Como C, Gale T, Fowler J, Anderst W
Journal of Biomechanics, 2022


Using Simultaneous Confidence Bands to Calculate the Margin of Error in Estimating Typical Biomechanical Waveforms
Anderst W, Charles S, Zarei M, Mani A, Frankston N, Hammersley E, Zhang G, Hogan M, Krafty R
Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2022


Within-Subject Effects of Standardized Prosthetic Socket Modifications on Physical Function and Patient-Reported Outcomes
Anderst W, Fiedler G, Onishi K, McKernan G, Gale T, Paulus P
Trials, 2022


Does Femoral Head Translation Vary by Sex and Side in Asymptomatic Hips During Weightbearing Apprehension Test?
Ruh E, Johnson C, Frankston N, Charles S, Anderst W, McClincy M
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 2022


Associations Between Range of Motion, Strength, Tear Size, Patient-Reported Outcomes, and Glenohumeral Kinematics in Individuals with Symptomatic Isolated Supraspinatus Tears
Mattar L, Popchak A, Anderst W, Musahl V, Irrgang J, Debski R
J of Shoulder and Elbow Surg, 2022


Symmetry and Sex Differences in Knee Kinematics and ACL Elongation in Healthy Collegiate Athletes During High Impact Activities Revealed Through Dynamic Biplane Radiography
Nishida K, Xu C, Gale T, Anderst W, Fu F
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2022


The effects of pathology and one-level versus two-level arthrodesis on cervical spine intervertebral helical axis of motion
LeVasseur C, Pitcairn S, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W
Journal of Biomechanics, 2022


Improved outcomes following arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction may not be associated with changes in shoulder kinematics: an in vivo study
Kane G, LeVasseur C, Hughes J, Gabrielli A, Popchak A, Anderst W, Lin A
Arthroscopy, 2022

2021

Syndesmosis Repair Affects in Vivo Distal Interosseous Tibiofibular Ligament Elongation Under Static Loads and During Dynamic Activities.
Canton S, Gale T, Onyeukwu C, Hogan M, Anderst W
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Am, 2021


Predictions of anterior cruciate ligament dynamics from subject-specific musculoskeletal models and dynamic biplane radiography
Charles J, Fu F, Anderst W
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2021


Residual motion and graft type do not influence patient-reported outcomes following one- or two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
Couch B, Wawrose R, LeVasseur C, Pitcairn S, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W
Spine, 2021


Lateral extra-articular tenodisis contributes little to change in vivo kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial.
Chiba D, Gale T, Nishida K, Suntaxi F, Lesniak B, Fu F, Anderst W, Musahl V
American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2021


Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Lateral Extraarticular Tenodesis Better Restores Native Knee Kinematics in Combined ACL and Meniscal Injury
Gibbs C, Hughes J, Popchak A, Chiba D, Lesniak B, Anderst W, Musahl V
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2021


The effect of lateral extra-articular tenodesis on in vivo cartilage contact in combined anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Nishida K, Gale T, Chiba D, Suntaxi F, Lesniak B, Fu F, Anderst W, Musahl V
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2021


Graft Healing Does Not Influence Subjective Outcomes and Shoulder Kinematics After Superior Capsule Reconstruction:  A Prospective In Vivo Kinematic Study
Hughes J, Kane G, LeVassuer C, Gabrielli A, Popchak A, Anderst W, Lin A
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 2021


Surgery Related Factors Do Not Affect Short Term Adjacent Segment Kinematics After Anterior Cervical Arthrodesis
Chen S, LeVasseur C, Pitcairn S, Kanter S, Okonkwo D, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W
Spine, 2021


Increases in Load Carriage Magnitude and Forced-Marching Change Lower Extremity  Coordination in Physically Active, Recruit-Aged Women
Dever D, Krajewski K, Johnson C, Allison K, Ahamed Z, Lovelekar M, Mi Q, Flanigan S, Anderst W, Connaboy C
Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2021


Loaded Forced Marching Shifts Mechanical Contributions Proximally and Disrupts Stride-to-Stride Joint Work Modulation in Recruit Aged Women
Krajewski K, Allen I, Johnson C, Dever D, Ahamed N, Flanigan S, Mi Q, Anderst W, Connaboy C
Gait & Posture, 2021


Residual limb shear strain during gait is correlated with patient reported outcomes for persons with transfemoral amputation
Gale T, Yang S, McGough R, Fielder G, Anderst W
J. Biomechanics, 2021


Healthy Ankle and Hindfoot Kinematics During Gait: Sex Differences, Asymmetry and Coupled Motion Revealed Through Dynamic Biplane Radiography
Yang S, Canton S, Hogan M, Anderst W
J. Biomechanics, 2021

2020

Tibiofemoral helical axis of motion during the full gait cycle measured using biplane radiography
Gale T, Anderst W
Medical Engineering and Physics, 2020


Bilateral symmetry, sex differences and primary shape factors in ankle and hindfoot bone morphology
Gabrielli A, Gale T, Hogan M, Anderst W.
Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics, 2020


In vivo ankle kinematics revealed through biplane radiography: Current Concepts, Recent Literature and Future Directions
Canton S, Anderst W, Hogan M.
Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 2020


In vivo changes in adjacent segment kinematics after lumbar decompression and fusion
Wawrose R, LeVasseur C, Byrapogu V, Dombrowski M, Donaldson W, Shaw J Lee J, Anderst W, Aiyangar, A
J. Biomechanics
, 2020


The effects of age, pathology, and fusion on cervical neural foramen area
LeVasseur C, Pitcairn S, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W
J. Orthopaedic Research, 2020


Validation and application of dynamic biplane radiography to study in vivo ankle joint kinematics during high-demand activities
Pitcairn S, Kromka J, Hogan M, Anderst W
J. Biomechanics, 2020


Load carriage magnitude and locomotion strategy alter knee total joint moment
Krajewski K, Dever D, Johnson C, Rawcliffe A, Ahamed N, Flanigan S, Mi Q, Anderst W, Connaboy C
Journal of Biomechanics, 2020


Assessing the biofidelity of in vitro biomechanical testing of the human cervical spine
Wawrose R, Howington F, LeVasseur C, Smith C, Couch B, Shaw J, Donaldson W, Lee J, Patterson C, Anderst W, Bell K
J. Orthopaedic Research, 2020


Knee Kinematics of Healthy Adults Measured Using Biplane Radiography
Gale T, Anderst W
J. Biomech. Eng., 2020


An Automated Method for Defining Anatomic Coordinate Systems in the Hindfoot
Brown J, Gale T, Anderst W
J. Biomechanics, 2020


Load magnitude and locomotion pattern alter locomotor system function in healthy young adult women
Krajewski K, Dever D, Johnson C, Mi Q, Simpson R, Graham S, Moir G, Ahamed N, Flanigan S, Anderst W, Connaboy C
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2020


Motion of the residual femur within the socket during gait is associated with patient-reported problems in transfemoral amputees
Gale T, Yang S, McGough R, Fielder G, Anderst W
J. Biomechanics, 2020

2019

Asymmetry in healthy adult knee kinematics revealed through biplane radiography of the full gait cycle
Gale T, Anderst W
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2019


The Complex Relationship Between In Vivo ACL Elongation and Knee Kinematics During Walking and Running
Nagai K, Gale T, Chiba D, Su F, Fu FH, Anderst W.
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2019


In vivo human lower limb muscle architecture dataset obtained using diffusion tensor imaging
Charles J, Suntaxi F, Anderst W
PLOS ONE, 2019


The Dynamic Functional Nucleus is a Potential Biomarker for Structural Degeneration in Cervical Spine Discs
LeVasseur C, Wawrose R, Pitcairn S, Donaldson W, Lee J, Anderst W.
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2019


Tibiofemoral Cartilage Contact Differences Between Level Walking and Downhill Running
Akpinar B, Thorhauer E, Tashman S, Irrgang J, Fu F, Anderst W.
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2019

2018

Unloader knee brace increases medial compartment joint space during gait in knee osteoarthritis patients
Kanto Nagai, MD., PhD., Shumeng Yang, Freddie H. Fu, MD, DSc (Hon.), DPs (Hon.), William Anderst, PhD
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2018


Intervertebral Kinematics of the Cervical Spine Before, During and After High Velocity Low Amplitude Manipulation 
Anderst W, Gale T,  LeVasseur C, Raj S, Gongaware K, Schneider M. 
The Spine Journal, 2018


Steeper posterior tibial slope correlates with greater tibial tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Nagai K, Tashiro Y, Herbst E, Gale T, Wang J, Irrgang J, Anderst W, Fu F. 
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2018


Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Affects Tibiofemoral Joint Congruency During Dynamic Functional Movement
Nagai K, Gale T, Irrgang J, Tashman S, Fu F, Anderst W. 
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018


Anterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion site is elliptical or triangular shaped in healthy young adults: high-resolution 3-T MRI analysis
Tashiro Y, Lucidi G, Gale T, Nagai K, Herbst E, Irrgang J, Nakashima Y, Anderst W, Fu F. 
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2018


ISSLS PRIZE IN BIOENGINEERING SCIENCE 2018: dynamic imaging of degenerative spondylolisthesis reveals mid-range dynamic lumbar instability not evident on static clinical radiographs
Dombrowski M, Rynearson B, LeVasseur C, Adgate Z, Donaldson W, Lee J, Aiyangar A, Anderst W
European Spine Journal, 2018


Alteration of knee kinematics after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is dependent on associated meniscal injury
Akpinar B, Thorhauer T, Irrgang J, Tashman S, Fu F, Anderst W. 
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2018


In Vivo Validation of Patellofemoral Kinematics During Overground Gait and Stair Ascent
Pitcairn S, Lesniak, B, Anderst W. 
Gait Posture, 2018


Kinematics and arthrokinematics in the chronic ACL-deficient knee are altered even in the absence of instability symptoms
Yang C, Tashiro Y, Lynch A, Fu F, Anderst W. 
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2018


Determining Subject-Specfic Lower-Limb Muscle Architecture Data for Musculoskeletal Models Using Diffusion Tensor MRI
Charles J, Moon C, Anderst W. 
Journal of Biomech. Eng., 2018


Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Affects Tibiofemoral Subchondral Bone Congruency during Dynamic Functional Movement
Nagai K, Gale T, Irrgang JJ, Tashman S, Anderst W. 
Arthroscopy, 2018

2017

Knee hyperextension does not adversely affect dynamic in vivo kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Nagai K, Gale T, Herbst E, Tashiro Y, Irrgang JJ, Tashman S, Fu F, Anderst W. 
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2017


Instantaneous centers of rotation for lumbar segmental extension in vivo
Aiyangar A, Zheng L, Anderst W, Zhang X.
Journal of Biomechanics, 2017


The Graft Bending Angle Can Affect Early Graft Healing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Tashiro Y, Gale T, Sundaram V, Nagai K, Irrgang J, Anderst W, Fu F, Tashman S. 
The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2017


In Vivo Analysis of Dynamic Graft Bending Angle in ACL Reconstructed Knees during Downward Running and Level Walking: Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Drills for Trans-Portal Technique
Tashiro Y, Sundaram V, Thorhauer E, Gale T, Anderst W, Irrgang J, Fu F, Tashman S. 
Arthroscopy Journal, 2017


Three-dimensional intervertebral range of motion in the cervical spine: Does the method of calculation matter?
Anderst W, Aucie Y.
Medical Engineering and Physics, 2017


Dynamic in vivo atlantoaxial spine kinematics during upright rotation
Anderst W, Rynearson B, West T, Donaldson W, Lee J
Journal of Biomechanics, 2017


Cervical spine bone density in young healthy adults as a function of sex, vertebral level and anatomic location
Anderst W, West T, Donaldson W, Lee J.
European Spine Journal, 2017

2016

Narrative review of the in vivo mechanics of the cervical spine after anterior arthrodesis as revealed by dynamic biplane radiography.
Anderst W.
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2016


Longitudinal study of the six degrees of freedom cervical spine range of motion during dynamic flexion/extension and rotation after single-level anterior arthrodesis.
Anderst W, West T, Donaldson W, Lee J, Kang J.
Spine, 2016


Cervical Spine Disc Deformation During In Vivo Three-Dimensional Head Movements
Anderst W, Donaldson W, Lee J, Kang J.
Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2016


The Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on the Meniscus and Articular Cartilage: A Novel Dynamic In Vitro Pilot Study
Anderst W, Donaldson W, Lee J, Kang J.
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2016

2015

Three-dimensional intervertebral kinematics in the healthy young adult cervical spine during dynamic functional loading
Anderst WJ, Donaldson WF, 3rd, Lee JY, Kang JD.
Journal of Biomechanics, 2015


Cervical motion segment contributions to head motion during flexion\extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation.
Anderst WJ, Donaldson WF, 3rd, Lee JY, Kang JD.
The Spine Journal, 2015


Bootstrap prediction bands for cervical spine intervertebral kinematics during in vivo three-dimensional head movements.
Anderst WJ.
Journal of Biomechanics, 2015


Apportionment of lumbar L2-S1 rotation across individual motion segments during a dynamic lifting task.
Aiyangar A, Zheng L, Anderst W, Zhang X.
Journal of Biomechanics, 2015

2014

Continuous cervical spine kinematics during in vivo dynamic flexion-extension
Anderst WJ, Donaldson WF, 3rd, Lee JY, Kang JD.
The Spine Journal, 2014


In Vivo Cervical Facet Joint Capsule Deformation During Flexion-Extension
Anderst WJ, Donaldson WF, 3rd, Lee JY, Kang JD.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2014


Capturing Three-Dimensional In Vivo Lumbar Intervertebral Joint Kinematics Using Dynamic Stereo-X-Ray Imaging
Aiyangar AK, Zheng L, Tashman S, Anderst WJ, Zhang X.
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2014

2013

Cervical disc deformation during flexion–extension in asymptomatic controls and single-level arthrodesis patients
Anderst W, Donaldson W, Lee J, Kang J.
Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2013


Hierarchical model-based tracking of cervical vertebrae from dynamic biplane radiographs
Md. Abedul Haque, William J. Anderst, Scott Tashman and G. Elisabeta Mara
Medical Engineering Physics, 2013


Motion Path of the Instant Center of Rotation in the Cervical Spine During In Vivo Dynamic Flexion-Extension: Implications for Artificial Disc Design and Evaluation of Motion Quality Following Arthrodesis
Anderst W, Baillargeon E, Donaldson W, Lee J, Kang J.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2013


Six-Degrees-of-Freedom Cervical Spine Range of Motion During Dynamic Flexion-Extension After Single-Level Anterior Arthrodesis: Comparison with Asymptomatic Control Subjects
Anderst WJ, Lee JY, Donaldson WF, 3rd, Kang JD
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American, 2013


Cervical spine intervertebral kinematics with respect to the head are different during flexion and extension motions
Anderst WJ, Donaldson WF, Lee JY, Kang JD
Journal of Biomechanics, 2013


Sensitivity, reliability and accuracy of the instant center of rotation calculation in the cervical spine during in vivo dynamic flexion-extension
Baillargeon E, Anderst WJ
Journal of Biomechanics, 2013


Subject-Specific Inverse Dynamics of the Head and Cervical Spine During in Vivo Dynamic Flexion-Extension
Anderst WJ, Donaldson WF, Lee JY, Kang JD
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2013


Cervical motion segment percent contributions to flexion-extension during continuous functional movement in control subjects and arthrodesis patients
Anderst WJ, Donaldson WF, 3rd, Lee JY, Kang JD
Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2013

2012

Automated measurement of neural foramen cross-sectional area during in vivo functional movement
William Anderst
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2012

2011

Validation of a Non-Invasive Technique to Precisely Measure In Vivo Three-Dimensional Cervical Spine Movement
William Anderst, Emma Baillargeon, William Donaldson, Joon Lee, James Kang
Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2011


Model-Based Tracking of the Hip: Implications for Novel Analyses of Hip Pathology
Daniel  Martin, Nicholas Greco, Brian Klatt, Vonda Wright, William  Anderst and Scott Tashman
Journal of Arthroplasty, 2011


Cervical spine bone mineral density as a function of vertebral level and anatomic location
William Anderst, Eric Thorhauer, Joon Lee, William Donaldson, James Kang
The Spine Journal, 2011

2010

The Location of Femoral and Tibial Tunnels in Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Analyzed by Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Models
Brian Forsythe, Sebastian Kopf, Andrew K., Cesar A.Q. William Anderst, Scott Tashman, Freddie H. Fu
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American, 2010


Nonanatomic Tunnel Position in Traditional Transtibial Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Evaluated by Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography
Sebastian Kopf, Brian Forsythe, Andrew K., Scott Tashman, William AnderstJames J. Irrgang, Freddie H. Fu
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American, 2010


Using Relative Velocity Vectors to Reveal Axial Rotation about the Medial and Lateral Compartment of the Knee
Anderst W, Tashman S
Journal of Biomechanics, 2010